DIAGNOSIS DAN TATALAKSANA OCHRONOSIS EKSOGEN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33820/mdvi.v50i3.416Keywords:
Exogenous ochronosis, diagnosis, treatmentAbstract
Exogenous ochronosis (EO) is a skin pigmentation disorder caused by the long-term use of topical skin lightening agents, especially hydroquinone. Cases of EO are rare. The etiopathogenesis of EO is still unknown. Clinical manifestations of EO are asymptomatic gray-brown or blue-black macules with a predilection for sun-exposed areas and no systemic involvement. The clinical manifestations of EO often resemble other dermal hyperpigmentation, so an adequate history and physical examination is necessary to avoid misdiagnosis. Histopathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of EO. Management of EO is still a challenge in dermatology because EO is difficult to treat with variable and often unsatisfactory therapeutic results. Exogenous ochronosis management can be divided into non-pharmacological, pharmacological, laser and non-laser procedural, and combinations.
Keywords: Exogenous ochronosis, EO, diagnosis, treatment
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References
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19. Luke M, David A G. Exogenous ochronosis with use of low potency hydroquinone in a caucasian patient. J Dermatology Res Ther. 2015;1(1):1–3.
20. Freitas P De, Torraca S, Sandini EM, Christina T, Freitas M De. Use of laser technologies and intense pulsed light in the treatment of exogenous ochronosis : a literature review. Surg Cosmet Dermatology. 2021;13(2):1–8.
21. Sindhu CS, Babitha C, Priyadarshini A, Veeraraghavan M. Exogenous ochronosis in an elderly Indian male: A case report. Pigment Int. 2019;6(1):33–6.
22. Monheit G, Tayebi B. Chemical peels and dermabrasion. In: Kang S, Amagai M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, et al., editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2019. p. 3895–905.
23. Lee MD, Weiss E. Treatment of exogenous ochronosis with advanced fluorescence technology. Dermatologic Surg. 2014;1046–8.
24. Phonchai R, Ubonsaen B, Brameld S, Naigovit P. Case report: Improvement of long lasting hyperpigmentation by aqueous human placenta extract (Reju Growth Factor, RGF) treatment. J Cosmet Dermatological Sci Appl. 2019;9(2):125–8.
25. Hamilton MM. The science behind lasers: how the physical properties of lasers affect the skin. In: Truswell WH, editor. Laser and Light, Peels adn Abrasions Application and Treatments. New York: Thieme; 2016. p. 14–9.
26. Graber EM, Dover JS. Lasers and light for treating pigmented lesions. In: Nouri K, editor. Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine. 2nd ed. Florida: Springer; 2018. p. 83–108.
27. Chaptini C, Huilgol SC. Erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ablative laser treatment for endogenous ochronosis. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(3):212–4.
28. Méndez Baca I, Al-Niaimi F, Colina C, Anuzita A. A case of ochronosis successfully treated with the picosecond laser. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(5):1322–5.
29. Wu DC, Goldman MP, Wat H, Chan HHL. A systematic review of picosecond laser in dermatology: evidence and recommendations. Lasers Surg Med. 2021;53(1):9–49.
30. Mochtar M, Esa Ilona S, Zulfikar D, Murastami A, Widhiati S. A split-face of dermaroller and intradermal injection with the autologous platelet rich fibrin lysate in the treatment of exogenous ocronosis: A case series. Dermatology Reports. 2019;11(S1):169–72.
2. Geel N van, Speeckaert R. Acquired pigmentary disorders. In: Griffiths CEM, Barker J, Bleiker T, Chalmers R, Creamer D, editors. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology. 9th ed. UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016. p. 88.51-2.
3. Ishack S, Lipner SR. Exogenous ochronosis associated with hydroquinone: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2021;1–10.
4. Rodrigues M, Pandya AG. Hypermelanosis. In: Kang S, Amagai M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, et al., editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2019. p. 1368.
5. Simmons BJ, Griffith RD, Bray FN, Falto-Aizpurua LA, Nouri K. Exogenous ochronosis: A comprehensive review of the diagnosis, epidemiology, causes, and treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(3):205–12.
6. Vashi NA, Wirya SA, Inyang M, Kundu R V. Facial Hyperpigmentation in Skin of Color: Special Considerations and Treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(2):215–30.
7. Roche L, White J, Bourke J. Black symmetrical papular eruption of the zygomata. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020;45(8):1–3.
8. Rodriguez DA. Hyperpigmented disorders. In: Taylor SC, Badreshia-Bansal S, Callender VD, Gathers RC, Rodriguez DA, editors. Treatments for skin of color. 1st ed. New York: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. p. 192.
9. James WD, Elston DM, Treat JR, Rosenbach MA, Neuhaus IM, editors. Errors in metabolism. In: Andrew’s diseases of the skin clinical dermatology. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2020. p. 542.
10. Chang MW. Pigmentary disorders. In: Bolognia JL, Schaffer J V, Cerroni L, editors. Dermatology. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2018. p. 1122–4.
11. Tekgoz E, Akincioglu E, Cinar M, Yilmaz S. A case of exogenous ochronosis associated with hydroxychloroquine. Eur J Rheumatol. 2018;5(3):206–8.
12. Dayrit JF, Macarayo MJE, Handog EB. A middle-aged female with hyperpigmentation. In: Lotti T, Tirant M, Parsad D, editors. Clinical Cases in Pigmentary Disorders. 1st ed. Rome: Springer; 2020. p. 59–64.
13. Sunkara HP, Kilaru KR, Kumar AP, Ramineni HB, Krishna PR. A case report on hydroquinone induced exogenous ochronosis. Int J Adv Med. 2020;7(2):337–9.
14. Carvalho CG da S, Vilela V da N, Rocha AEA, Carvalho G de SM, França ER de, Rodrigues AG de A. Exogenous ochronosis treated with CO2 laser. Surg Cosmet Dermatology. 2016;8(4):370–2.
15. Chowdary S, Mahalingam M, Vashi NA. Reading between the layers: Early histopathological findings in exogenous ochronosis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014;36(12):989–91.
16. Ayuthaya PKN, Niumphradit N, Aunhachoke K, Nakakes A, Sittiwangkul R, Srisuttiyakorn C. Effect of combination of 1064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG and fractional carbon dioxide lasers for treating exogenous ochronosis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2013;15(1):42–5.
17. Sánchez-MartÃnez EM, GarcÃa-Briz MI, Moneva-Léniz LM, Gegúndez- Hernández H, Pose-Lapausa P, Mateu-Puchades A. Exogenous ochronosis: The failure of depigmenting creams. Dermatol Online J. 2019;25(4):1–5.
18. Vallonthaiel AG, Kakkar A, Singh MK, Ramam M. Ochronosis with subtle histological findings. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2015;81(6):623–4.
19. Luke M, David A G. Exogenous ochronosis with use of low potency hydroquinone in a caucasian patient. J Dermatology Res Ther. 2015;1(1):1–3.
20. Freitas P De, Torraca S, Sandini EM, Christina T, Freitas M De. Use of laser technologies and intense pulsed light in the treatment of exogenous ochronosis : a literature review. Surg Cosmet Dermatology. 2021;13(2):1–8.
21. Sindhu CS, Babitha C, Priyadarshini A, Veeraraghavan M. Exogenous ochronosis in an elderly Indian male: A case report. Pigment Int. 2019;6(1):33–6.
22. Monheit G, Tayebi B. Chemical peels and dermabrasion. In: Kang S, Amagai M, Bruckner AL, Enk AH, Margolis DJ, McMichael AJ, et al., editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc; 2019. p. 3895–905.
23. Lee MD, Weiss E. Treatment of exogenous ochronosis with advanced fluorescence technology. Dermatologic Surg. 2014;1046–8.
24. Phonchai R, Ubonsaen B, Brameld S, Naigovit P. Case report: Improvement of long lasting hyperpigmentation by aqueous human placenta extract (Reju Growth Factor, RGF) treatment. J Cosmet Dermatological Sci Appl. 2019;9(2):125–8.
25. Hamilton MM. The science behind lasers: how the physical properties of lasers affect the skin. In: Truswell WH, editor. Laser and Light, Peels adn Abrasions Application and Treatments. New York: Thieme; 2016. p. 14–9.
26. Graber EM, Dover JS. Lasers and light for treating pigmented lesions. In: Nouri K, editor. Lasers in Dermatology and Medicine. 2nd ed. Florida: Springer; 2018. p. 83–108.
27. Chaptini C, Huilgol SC. Erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet ablative laser treatment for endogenous ochronosis. Australas J Dermatol. 2015;56(3):212–4.
28. Méndez Baca I, Al-Niaimi F, Colina C, Anuzita A. A case of ochronosis successfully treated with the picosecond laser. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(5):1322–5.
29. Wu DC, Goldman MP, Wat H, Chan HHL. A systematic review of picosecond laser in dermatology: evidence and recommendations. Lasers Surg Med. 2021;53(1):9–49.
30. Mochtar M, Esa Ilona S, Zulfikar D, Murastami A, Widhiati S. A split-face of dermaroller and intradermal injection with the autologous platelet rich fibrin lysate in the treatment of exogenous ocronosis: A case series. Dermatology Reports. 2019;11(S1):169–72.
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Published
2023-10-31
How to Cite
Sunur, S., & Kurniawati, Y. (2023). DIAGNOSIS DAN TATALAKSANA OCHRONOSIS EKSOGEN. Media Dermato-Venereologica Indonesiana, 50(3), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.33820/mdvi.v50i3.416
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Tinjauan Pustaka
