Eczema Coxsackium: Bentuk Atipikal Hand, Foot, And Mouth Disease Yang Disebabkan Oleh Coxsackievirus A6
Abstrak
Eczema coxsackium merupakan spektrum hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) yang disebabkan oleh coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6). Terdapat beberapa perbedaan pendapat di antara para klinisi mengenai definisi eczema coxsackium hingga saat ini, sehingga data epidemiologi penyakit sulit didapatkan. Telah dipublikasikan beberapa laporan mengenai kasus endemik HFMD yang disebabkan oleh CVA6 di Amerika Serikat (AS), New Zealand, beberapa negara di Eropa, dan Asia. Beberapa klinisi sering mengkaitkan penyakit ini dengan kejadian dermatitis atopik, meskipun hal tersebut belum ada penjelasannya. Patogenesis eczema coxsackium hingga saat ini belum diketahui dengan pasti. Manifestasi klinis yang timbul sangat bervariasi, lebih berat, dan luas, baik pada lesi kulit maupun mukosa dibandingkan dengan HFMD pada umumnya, sehingga lebih dikenal sebagai HFMD atipikal. Penegakan diagnosis eczema coxsackium tidak mudah karena dapat menyerupai penyakit lain dan harus dapat dibuktikan bahwa penyakit tersebut disebabkan oleh CVA6. Prinsip tatalaksana adalah rehidrasi. Prognosis eczema coxsackium adalah baik dan jarang menimbulkan komplikasi yang serius.
Kata kunci: eczema coxsackium, coxsackievirus A6, HFMD atipikal
References
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25. Lee MK, Chan PK, Ho II. Enterovirus infection among patients admitted to hospital in Hong Kong in 2010: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and importance of molecular diagnosis. J Med Virol. 2013;85:1811-7.
26. Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Gong L, Mao H, Feng C, dkk. Rapid and sensitive identification of RNA from the emerging pathogen coxsackievirus A6. Virol J. 2012;9:298.
27. Stewart CL, Chu EY, Introcaso CE, Schaffer A, James WD. Coxsackievirus A6–induced hand-foot-mouth disease. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;149:1419-21.
28. Faulkner CF, Godbolt AM, DeAmbrosis T, Triscott J. Hand, foot, and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with acyclovir. Australs J Dermatol. 2003;44:203-6.
29. Janeczko J, Baranowska M, Romawska B. Effect of isoprinosine and acyclovir on the clinical course of chickenpox and herpes zoster. Przeql Epidemiol 1991;45:267-71.
30. Lo SH, Huang YC, Huang CG, Tsao KC, Li WC, Hsieh YC, dkk. Clinical and epidemiologic features of coxsackievirus A6 infection in children in northern Taiwan between 2004 and 2009. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011;44:252-7.
2. Feder HM, Bennett N, Modlin JF. Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease: a vesiculobullous eruption caused by coxsackievirus A6. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;12:83-6.
3. Li W, Yi L, Su J, Lu J, Zeng H, Guan D, dkk. Seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 among children in Guandong province, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:322.
4. Fan X, Jiang J, Liu Y, Huang X, Wang P, Liu L, dkk. Detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Henan Province, China in 2009. Virus Genes. 2013;46:1-9.
5. Nahmias AJ, Froeschle JE, Feorino PM, McCord G. Generalized eruption in child with eczema due to coxsackievirus A16. Arch Dermatol. 1968;97:147-8.
6. Johnson VK, Hayman JL, McCarthy CA, Cardona ID. Succsessful treatment of eczema coxsackium with wet wrap therapy and low-dose topical corticosteroid. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2014:11;803-4.
7. Horsten HH, Fisker A, Bygum A. Eczema coxsackium caused by coxsackievirus A6. Pediatric Dermatol. 2016;33:230-1.
8. Lott JP, Liu K, Landry ML, Nix WA, Oberste MS, Bolognia J, dkk. Atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6 infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:732-41.
9. Hubiche T, Schuffenecker I, Boralevi F, Labreze CL, Bornebush L, Chiaverini C, dkk. Dermatological spectrum of hand, foot, and mouth disease from classical to generalized exanthema. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:92-8.
10. Ventarola D, Bordone L, Silverberg N. Update on hand foot and mouth disease. J Clin Dermatol. 2015;33:340-6.
11. Harris PNA, Wang AD, Yin M, Lee CK, Archuleta S. Atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease: eczema coxsackium can also occur in adults. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:83-6.
12. Bian L, Wang Y, Yao X, Mao Q, Xu M, Liang Z. Coxsackievirus A6: a new emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks worldwide. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;7:1-11.
13. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: severe hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with coxsackievirus A6-Alabama, Connecticut, California, and Nevada. November 2011-February 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:213-4.
14. Yan X, Zhang ZZ, Yang ZH, Zhu CM, Hu YG, Liu QB. Clinical and etiological characteristics of atypical hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children from Chongqing, China: a retrospective study. BioMed Research International. 2015.
15. Ben-Chetrit E, Wiener-well Y, Shulman LM, Cohen MJ, Elinav H, Sofer D, dkk. Coxsackievirus A6-related hand, foot, and mouth disease: skin manifestations in a cluster of adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2014;59:201-3.
16. Divisi Dermatologi Pediatrik RSCM – Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin FKUI – RSCM. Laporan kunjungan harian 2014-2015.
17. Divisi Dermatologi Umum RSCM – Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin FKUI – RSCM. Laporan kunjungan harian 2014-2015.
18. Blomqvist S, Kemola P, Kaijalainen S, Paananen A, Simonen ML, Vuorinen T, dkk. Co-circulation of coxsackieviruses A6 dan A10 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak in Finland. J Clin Virol. 2010;48:49-54.
19. Muller ML. Coxsackieviruses. Available at http://www.medicine.medscape.com/article/215241-overview. Diunduh pada tanggal 29 Agustus 2016.
20. Richer M, Horwitz M. coxsackieviruses infection as an environmental factor in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8:611-5.
21. Huang CW, Huang LM, Lu CY, Cheng AL, Chang LY. Atypical hand-foot-mouth disease in children: a hospital-based prospective cohort study. Virol J. 2013;209:1-9.
22. Lynch MD, Sears A, Cookson H, Lew T, Laftah Z, Orrin L, dkk. Disseminated coxackievirus A6 affecting children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015:40:525-8.
23. Kobayashii M, Makino T, Hanaoka N, Shimizu H, Enomoto M, Okabe N, dkk. Clinical manifestations of coxsakievirus A6 infection associated with a major outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2013;66:260-1.
24. Neri I, Dondi A, Wollenberg A, Ricci L, Ricci G, Piccirilli G, dkk. Atypical forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a prospective study of 47 italian children. Pediatric Dermatol. 2016;33:429-37.
25. Lee MK, Chan PK, Ho II. Enterovirus infection among patients admitted to hospital in Hong Kong in 2010: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and importance of molecular diagnosis. J Med Virol. 2013;85:1811-7.
26. Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Gong L, Mao H, Feng C, dkk. Rapid and sensitive identification of RNA from the emerging pathogen coxsackievirus A6. Virol J. 2012;9:298.
27. Stewart CL, Chu EY, Introcaso CE, Schaffer A, James WD. Coxsackievirus A6–induced hand-foot-mouth disease. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;149:1419-21.
28. Faulkner CF, Godbolt AM, DeAmbrosis T, Triscott J. Hand, foot, and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with acyclovir. Australs J Dermatol. 2003;44:203-6.
29. Janeczko J, Baranowska M, Romawska B. Effect of isoprinosine and acyclovir on the clinical course of chickenpox and herpes zoster. Przeql Epidemiol 1991;45:267-71.
30. Lo SH, Huang YC, Huang CG, Tsao KC, Li WC, Hsieh YC, dkk. Clinical and epidemiologic features of coxsackievirus A6 infection in children in northern Taiwan between 2004 and 2009. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011;44:252-7.
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